The propylene glycol/water mixtures at different weight ratios were used as base fluids for the preparation of stable ND nanofluids. The Raman, TEM and XRD analysis was also performed on acid treated nanodiamond particles. 0000073108 00000 n 107-98-2) Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA; CAS No. Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA conductivity Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher the conductivity. Download : Download high-res image (216KB)Download : Download full-size image. The stable ND nanofluids were prepared by considering 60:40% water+ethylene glycol (weight percentage) mixture as base fluid and the experiments were performed at particle loadings ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% and the Reynolds number ranging from 900 to 4800, respectively. The NTU of SCHE is improved only by 2% over that of the base fluid at the flow rate of 6 lit/min because of the limited improvement of the overall heat transfer coefficient. Annual production of propylene glycol in jralston1@ncat.edu, b This study recommends that the volume concentration of Fe3O4/60:40%W+EG nanofluid should not exceed volume concentration of 1.0% because the added benefit of working with concentrations higher than 1.0vol% may not outweigh the added cost and complexities of the nanofluid. WebPropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (PM; CAS No. endstream endobj 181 0 obj<. Conductivity Since water is seen as the golden standard in thermal conductivity, higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in a water solution will cause heat to pass through it slower, therefore, the lower the amount of ethylene glycol in the mixture, the more efficient it is at conducting heat. About 26% increase in coolant side heat transfer coefficient was obtained with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid under constant bath temperature condition which could be attributed to thermal conductivity enhancement as well as improved natural convection due to viscosity reduction. It has been shown that water is the best solar energy absorbance among four fluids including water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, Zeta potential is a measure of the electric potential difference between the surface of a particle and the surrounding fluid. 245-255, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 91, 2015, pp. The proportion of micro-fractured and good diamonds in the new frame saw machine are 45% and 25%, respectively, and the productivity of the new machine is between 6 and 15m2/h. 0000088556 00000 n The instrument is based on transient plane source (TPS) technique and is widely used for thermal conductivity measurement. The results are beneficial for the design and operation of micro-channel absorber plates. Chemical co-precipitation was used for the synthesis of large quantity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 11.42nm. [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. A binary mixture of propylene glycol and water at 20:80 mass ratio offers protection against freezing up to 265.98 K [13], making it suitable as a heat transfer fluid [25], [26] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% EG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and measured both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. 180 0 obj <> endobj Tyler et al. Correlations for the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid were developed. Please enable JavaScript The main advantages of this measurement technique are short measurement times, easy sample preparation and high accuracy. WebLearn about the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Glycol/water mixtures, on our blog. PROPYLENE GLYCOL PPG Electrical This study investigates theoretically and experimentally the electrical and thermal conductivities of 50/50 water-ethylene glycol based TiO 2 nanofluids with Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. Naik and Sundar [28] prepared 30:70% PG/W based CuO nanofluid and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. FPx[[cu/Ajl22jw+x{5DD93o9$C y6q`xTu/~:'KY'Nf700zGRb9 cyI/ dk'Cw JO|i%H_o]*2?h1tz{]uhD5:h;)[.2sQvW |ZHcv7Qcr9]Ee5c w?a%2b5XATC3{d^Tzt h-!T`EH|}'EPj:]vRFl_/ uoDG0x5zUK;EI[".WzVkE=*j\2U]O sh`5 In addition, both cutting efficiency and slab flatness were recorded. The exergy analysis and heat transfer characteristics pertaining to the heat exchanger were also investigated. The present work focused on the preparation of different weight ratio of PG/W (20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40%) mixture based ND nanofluids and the estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. The rheological behaviour is investigated through rotational rheometry. 209 0 obj<>stream Electrical conductivity of 50% glycol with inhibitors The overall heat transfer coefficient and nanofluid-side heat transfer coefficient under constant bath temperature condition were found to increase with increasing nanoparticle volume concentration. The frictional exergy destruction is found to contribute together with heat transfer exergy destruction to the total entropy of the SCHE system. I always eqip the system with a 2" hose connection with check valve so the contractor can use a pump to fill the system those glycol feeders A. O. Maselugbo, B. L. Sadiku and J. R. Alston, WebPGI is a distilled product with a purity specification of minimum 99.5% and is available from The Dow Chemical Company in drum, IBC and bulk quantities. The sensitivity analysis illustrated that temperature has the highest effect on the relative TC followed by base fluid TC and particle volume fraction. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders have been removed using mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. [27] analysis if the value of C/Ck<4 then the nanofluid is heat transfer beneficial fluid. Effects of working temperature on thermo-physical properties and forced convection heat transfer of TiO 2 nanofluids in waterEthylene glycol mixture. The different weight ratios of propylene glycol/water mixtures are used as base. 0000003207 00000 n The inadequacy of the widely used VogelTammannFulcher or WilliamsLandelFerry equations to describe the temperature variation of the vacuum model and the Mouromtseff number were used to study the heat transfer capability of ND nanofluid under laminar and turbulent flow conditions. 0000087804 00000 n Sundar et al. Due to the different particle sizes and shapes of nanoparticles, the proposed model can better predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluids compared with other empirical models. However, those results have not been collectively compared or discussed. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. Ghazvini et al. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures The electrical conductivity of glycol mixtures within the range of In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80wt%. FROZKHQ KHDWHGLQWKH+9HOHFWULFILHOG To create stable nanofluids, the ND nanoparticles are ultrasonically agitated with EG for 4h. At a constant heat flux of q=9099W/m2, experiments were carried out in a laminar flow with Reynolds numbers ranging from 264.4 to 2194.4. Viscosity, electrical and thermal conductivities of After cycling at 25 and 80 C, LiGe alloy was formed at the Li/LAGP interface as investigated by synchrotron high energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) spectra (Figure 3b ). The Wilson plot method is used to analyze the helical coil side heat transfer coefficients. WebThere are two main types of water glycol mixtures used in heating/cooling systems that mix well in water at any concentration. The present work shows an innovative frame saw machine to cut granite, the eccentric hinge guide mechanism is introduced into the machine. A sawing test and a simulation were carried out to analyze the sawing trajectory, the surface topography of the segments and the percentage of worn diamond particles. 0000086902 00000 n 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. The fluid is colorless (water white). Engineering and Operating Guide for Dowfrost and Dowfrost HD Chemical treatment was used to make ND nanoparticles with an average size of 5.42nm. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2023, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2023, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2022, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Diamond and Related Materials, Volume 69, 2016, pp. To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the The strong acid treatment on UDD powders, the carboxyl groups are formed on the surface of ND particles, which can be clearly observed in the IR spectra (red line). 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. Due to its exceptional thermal, mechanical and electrical properties, diamond has attracted attention for use as a nanoparticle in fluids. The ultra-sonication technique was employed for preparing the mixture and results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity enhancements of Al2O3H2O nanofluids are highly dependent on sonication time and the energy supplied to the fluid for its preparation. in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) They also observed the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of ND particles based on the FTIR analysis. 0000086285 00000 n Among all the carbon materials ND particles creates great interest because of their superior hardness, thermal conductivity, i.e. In this particular system we are using an expansion tank with a bladder, so we don't have a make-up pump. During the preparation of UDD powders, igniter is used in the detonation process which causes metal and carbon impurities and those are aggregates or attached to the outer surface of the ND particles. 0000002868 00000 n Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. The optimized method for purifying the UDD powders is established. 0000033853 00000 n All were assigned as low priority for further work. <]>> Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the thermal properties. An estimation of the optimal supplied energy and time for sonication was suggested, while temperature and volumetric concentration effects on thermal conductivity are evaluated by measurements. However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. 8 . 0000003035 00000 n The purchased ultradispersed diamond (UDD) nanoparticles were treated with strong acid solution to make it into almost single nano-diamond (ND) particles. The heat transfer capability of these single phase heat transfer fluids is limited because of its poor thermal conductivity. The starting product, MICRONAL 5428 X, which contains about 43% microencapsulated paraffin with a transformation temperature of 28