Neil and Christensen analyzed 21 unique anxiety prevention and early intervention programs and found reductions in anxiety symptoms in 78% of the included studies [34]. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. Table C. Calculation of corrected covered areas (CCAs). Chung and colleagues systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed universal sleep education programs as compared to no additional sleep intervention from Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Hong Kong (Table 3G) [20]. The search strategy is presented in S2 Appendix. 2. To investigate the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents, a systematic review of systematic reviews (overview) was conducted. Third, the scopes of individual SRs often differ from the scope of the overview, a problem that Ballard and Montgomery call a scope mismatch [13]. 1720 references were identified from the systematic literature search. Meta-analysis results indicated a statistically significant effect on the before-after change in caries prevalence [25]. S6 Appendix. Interventions with evidence for effectiveness addressed autism, depression, anxiety, obesity, dental caries, visual acuity, asthma, and sleep. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). In order for policy makers and leaders in school health to make evidence-based recommendations on which services should be available in schools, who should deliver them, and how should they be delivered, more SRs must be done. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. There is no definitive guidance on how to correct for overlap, as both including or excluding overlapping SRs presents potentially biased results [13,15]. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. Mostly favorable evidence of effectiveness was found in a SR of social-emotional interventions for refugee and war-traumatized youth from 26 countries [36]. Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Instead, the authors determined which of the 16 items on the checklist were critical for this overview and which of the items were non-critical. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Schroeder and colleagues found that school nurses are well positioned to deliver nutritional counseling, design and coordinate physical activity interventions, and educate parents, students, and staff on health, nutrition, and fitness [26]. More than half of all suicides in 2021 - 26,328 out of 48,183, or 55% - also involved a gun, the highest percentage since 2001. Due to the diversity in outcome measures and intervention intensities, the authors felt unable to make any evidence-based recommendations [30]. However, domestic legislation fails to define health records as a legally important collection of health data and documents.
WHO guideline on school health services This implies that a narrower range of SRs would have been eligible if a stricter cut-off had been selected, and vice versa. health record explaining the purpose of school health records, services offered by school health personnel, and the desirability of periodic health examinations. Copyright: 2019 Levinson et al. All rights reserved. S4 Appendix. In addition to these criteria for included studies, the SRs themselves had to fulfill the following criteria: (a) included the words systematic review in the title or abstract; (b) outlined inclusion criteria within the methods section; (c) published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed before June 15, 2018; (d) published in the English language. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site.
Telehealth in Schools - National School Boards Association Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Staff from all three organizations can assist schools in meeting both their state requirements and their program requirements. Two SRs on dental health screening [18] and behavioral interventions for caries prevention [30] found limited evidence of effectiveness. No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. In a sensitivity analysis that we conducted comparing systematic* with systematic review we found that the number of search results increased almost three-fold, but did not reveal any new articles that would eventually have met the subsequent eligibility criteria (search results available on request). David Anthony Ross, Affiliation: c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. Nonetheless, these criteria were necessary to give the overview a reasonable scope. Silver Spring, MD: Author. The study assessed a group counseling intervention and found no statistically significant effects on the prevalence of anxiety, self-esteem, internalizing behavior or externalizing behavior [29]. One reviewer (JL) extracted summary data from each selected article using a customized standard form with independent data extraction performed for 15% of included SRs by one of the other reviewers (DR or KK). Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Calculations for the CCA can be found in Tables C and D in S5 Appendix. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. From this picture, the school health council or other health committees can move forward in creating an action plan, monitoring activities, and celebrating successes. In 1995, WHO launched the Global School Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthen approaches to health promotion in schools. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. In 2015, the top five leading causes of death for 59 year olds were lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, meningitis, drowning, and road injury [47]. School health services (SHS), as defined in this guideline, are services provided by a health worker to students enrolled in . This structure can help schools avoid duplication, refine purpose, and coordinate various initiatives across the whole school. Excluded full text articles. But did you know there are other records, both formal and informal, that are important to keep for future reference? While results from primary studies were statistically significant in both SRs, heterogeneity of interventions precluded meta-analysis by Walter and colleagues [37] and no reason was given for why meta-analysis was not performed by Geryk and colleagues [31]. National Association of School Nurses. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. You can review and change the way we collect information below. This overview used the corrected covered area (CCA), a comprehensive and validated measure, to determine overlap [16]. It is unclear if this finding indicates a lack of primary studies on comprehensive or multi-component school health services, or if primary studies do exist but no SR has been conducted. Although three SRs mentioned the cost of specialized professionals delivering interventions versus teachers or a school nurse [26,32,36], cost, let alone cost-effectiveness, was not closely analyzed in any of the included SRs. Only one of the 20 SRs included in this overview examined studies from a majority of LMIC and LIC [22,38]. PLoS ONE 14(6):
Evans and colleagues found no statistically significant difference in the proportion of students wearing spectacles at 14 months follow-up between vision screening with provision of ready-made spectacles and vision screening with provision of custom-made spectacles in a meta-analysis of three RCTs [21]. e0212603. school district county sch yr grade special health problems/parent concerns: quick reference: physical exam: k/1 6 11 3 7 . implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. A detailed search strategy was iteratively developed in consultation with a librarian experienced in SRs and an expert in school health services.
School Records: Aim, Types, Maintenance & Cumulative Records Suggested citation: National Association of School Nurses. Health records have played an increasingly important role throughout history as an important le-gal document for the exercise of individuals' rights. school health services The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. These criteria likely exclude potentially relevant literature. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant A recent guideline from the International Agency for Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) reiterates the importance of free spectacles and goes further to suggest that low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) adopt comprehensive school eye health programs [43]. Information from school health records will show proof of student health issues that ought to be self-addressed. It is difficult to determine overall effectiveness of school health services from this overview because the included SRs do not sufficiently cover the health areas most relevant for children and adolescents. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. Silver Spring, MD: Author. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. Eleven of the SRs used meta-analysis to combine results [1828], whereas the remaining nine SRs narratively synthesized results [2937]. Telehealth programs are expensive, with mobile telehealth carts costing anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000, which doesn't include costs related to staffing, routine maintenance, and upkeep. School health services staff can help all students with preventive care such as flu shots and vision and hearing screening, as well as acute and emergency care. Table A. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). SRs addressed various intervention types: universal interventions [19,24,28,32,34,39]; targeted interventions for military-connected children [29], children and adolescents at risk for depression and/or anxiety [28,34], refugee and war-traumatized youth [36], and children referred to therapy [33]; and indicated interventions for children and/or adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23], depression [24,28,39], or anxiety [24,34,39]. Although overviews offer a comprehensive method for synthesizing evidence, they also come with important methodological limitations. Only one quasi-experimental study from the United States in 1999 was included in the SR. School health records give the provision for a school nurse to communicate information to students, families, the school multidisciplinary team, emergency personnel, other healthcare providers, and school nurse substitutes.
What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. Gifted Education in Rural Schools. As part of the records types, the academic records are known as an important asset for . II. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21]. Additionally, resources differ by income level and therefore effective interventions in HIC may need to be tailored or changed entirely in order to be feasible in LMIC and LIC. Retain all of your child's school accounts can help you see trends and patterns over time. More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. Articles that received conflicting votes (ineligible vs. potentially or probably eligible) were discussed and consensus was reached. 570 were duplicates, leaving 1150 titles and abstracts to be screened. There were no date restrictions on publication of included SRs. The majority of SRs assessed educational, counseling, or preventive interventions, most of which were special research interventions rather than routinely-delivered school health services. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Outcome measures were collected from included studies. For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. NASN2023 Early Rate Countdown Clock - Deadline Extended to May 15th! Although the CDC does not require the use of the School Health Index, some states and school districts have policies or program requirements to use the School Health Index. Although the overall degree of overlap between all SRs within this overview was slight, the overlap between just these five SRs targeting mood disorders was high (CCA = 11). Two reviewers (KK and JL) screened all titles and abstracts using the inclusion/exclusion criteria and excluded all articles that were definitely ineligible. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!)
DoE Issues New Guidance on FERPA and Student Health Records The following is a list of common questions and answers related to school health assessment tools, specifically: Why complete a school health assessment?A school health assessment helps to identify strengths and weaknesses of school health policies and programs and provide direction for school health improvement efforts. The formula for the CCA is: The effectiveness of school-based mental health services was assessed in nine SRs (Table 3C) [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36,39]. What should I do if I am participating in a program that requires one assessment and the state requires a different one?You can request help from the three organizations listed in this document. From the limited amount of information available in existing systematic reviews, the strongest evidence supports implementation of anxiety prevention programs, indicated asthma education, and vision screening with provision of free spectacles. However, the degree of overlap across all 20 SRs was graded as being small (CCA = 1), while there was high overlap in SRs on mood disorders (CCA = 11).
A PHR also empowers you to manage your health between visits. The grading system is available in Tables E and F in S6 Appendix. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Quality appraisal of primary studies within included systematic reviews.
Electronic Health Records: An Essential Tool for School Nurses - NASN In 1995, WHO launched the GlobalSchool Health Initiative, which aimed to strengthenapproaches to health promotion in schools. The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers.
Personal health records and patient portals - Mayo Clinic Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. WHO reports densities of less than one physician per 1000 population in 76 countries and less than three nurses or midwives per 1000 population in 87 countries [50]. Excluded full text articles and reasons for exclusion. However, the SR suggested that the studies were ineffective in changing self-reported risky behaviors, although follow-up was either immediate or short-term (less than 6 months) [35]. The remaining three SRs also assessed FRIENDS and PRP along with additional often-overlapping programs.
School Health Services | Healthy Schools | CDC CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Another limitation is that this overview only included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies and other controlled study designs where health professionals delivered the intervention. [8] Yeager, P. E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the six studies showed statistically significant short-term benefits for weekday sleep time, weekend sleep time, and mood [20].
Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services.
PDF The Importance of Health Records - Scientific Research Publishing The other SR examined behavioral interventions in the form of education on tooth brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste in Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, and Iran [30]. Although prevalence of visual impairment varies widely by ethnic group and age [41], WHO estimates that at least 19 million children below age 15 are visually impaired [42]. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work.
Why every school needs an EHR system - Frontline Education These SRs must assess routine, multi-component school health services and the characteristics that make them effective, with special attention to content, quality, intensity, method of delivery, and cost. Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. How often do assessment questions get updated?All three school health assessments are reviewed regularly by each organization and by national expert panels. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously.
Healthy and Ready to Learn: School Nurses Improve Equity and Access However, it is difficult to formulate an overarching answer about the effectiveness of school health services for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents due to the heterogeneity of SRs found and the evident gaps in the SR literature. National School Health Data Set: Every Students Counts! However, they did not assess risk of bias or appraise the quality of included studies [31]. Table 2 presents the remaining three of the four items of Ballard and Montgomerys checklist for overviews of reviews: (2) levels of confidence in results for each included SR, (3) publication year, and (4) match in scope to the overview.
Importance of School Records Management: What Your Competitors Say A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. However, the leading causes of death and disability beyond self-harm and depressive disorders are currently not addressed. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 - 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% - involved a firearm. None of the SRs evaluated comprehensive, multi-component, or multi-health area school health services. The vast majority of providers and health systems utilize some form of computerized patient records. It can even provide reports, process results, students transcripts and . Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). In this overview, SRs with at least 50% of included studies fulfilling all criteria were included after extensive discussion between the authors and experts in the field.
Educational interventions had mixed effects. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, Affiliation: For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. The corrected covered area (CCA) was found to be 1, indicating only slight overlap between the 20 SRs. To convey to the teacher the results of the examination in such terms as to be useful to her in guiding the physical and mental growth of her . No SR examined comprehensive or multi-component school health services, despite the fact that comprehensive services may be more efficient, easier to implement, and more sustainable than single interventions [40]. Data items included the research design of the SR and primary studies, sample description and setting, intervention characteristics, outcomes, meta-analysis results, quality appraisal, and conclusions. This overview found only one SR that assessed obesity treatment and prevention delivered by a health professional in schools, despite the fact that over 340 million school-age children and adolescents were overweight or obese in 2016 [46]. Mostcountries have some form of SHS, but many suchprogrammes currently are not evidence-based,are not implemented well, are underfunded and/orare delivered with limited reach and scope. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. School health services staff also are responsible for coordinating care by communicating with the students family and health care providers so that they can stay healthy and ready to learn. Most interventions involved school-nurse-delivered nutrition counseling, nutrition and health education, and some parent involvement or physical activity. Schools are essential for young people to acquireknowledge, socioemotional skills including selfregulationand resilience, and critical thinking skillsthat provide the foundation for a healthy future. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 20 included SRs. Although mortality and morbidity statistics vary by region and country, it is clear that the health areas included in this overview reflect a small subset of the global burden of disease for children and adolescents. of school health services globally: A majority of the studies (80%) were given low or critically low levels of confidence. In another four SRs, 75% to 99% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [21,26,30,37]. It should include not only personal data of the pupil but also his school-attainments, health report, personality traits and participation in activities. Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436].