Vomiting. "[14], The most common side effects associated with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). [1] Vomiting and nausea are usual symptoms associated with oral ingestions of lindane but serious neurologic effects can occur, albeit less frequently. Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine Lindane has been used in the U.S. for more than 60 years, both in healthcare and in agriculture. Abstract. 0 Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. Transportation 49.172.101List of Marine Pollutants. (ii) At least 250 mm (9.8 inches) for marks applied to all other bulk packages. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in The authors concluded that "The California experience suggests elimination of pharmaceutical lindane produced environmental benefits, was associated with a reduction in reported unintentional exposures and did not adversely affect head lice and scabies treatment. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. [26], Lindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. 104 22 Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. WebInternational initiatives on Lindane include the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution; the Rotterdam Convention; the OSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic, the Great Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The most common side effects are nonserious reactions of the skin (e.g., burning, itching, dryness and rash). The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Subtitle B - Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, CHAPTER I - PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SUBCHAPTER C - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, AND SECURITY PLANS. The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Convulsions. It is also a recognised irritant. If the size of the package so requires, the dimensions/line thickness may be reduced, provided the marking remains clearly visible. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. trailer Exposure to large amounts of lindane can negatively affect the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. 0000001466 00000 n [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Lindane - Wikipedia 0000003484 00000 n This may result in convulsions. Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod Inhalation risk Column 1 is labeled S.M.P. for Severe Marine Pollutants and Column 2 is 0000002858 00000 n Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. ICSC 0053 - LINDANE - International Labour Organization Physical State; Appearance [7] (see also Regulatory History) Repeatedly, the FDA has concluded that lindane medications provide public health benefits at an acceptably low level of riska factor for all medications. Effects of long-term or repeated exposure If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. [15], The current FDA-approved product labeling emphasizes that lindane medications are contraindicated for use in premature infants and individuals with known uncontrolled seizure disorders and should be used with caution in infants, children, the elderly, and individuals with other skin conditions (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) and in those who weigh less than 110 lbs (50 kg) as they may be at risk of serious neurotoxicity. In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. This requirement may be met by the marking displayed on a freight container or portable tank loaded on a motor vehicle or rail car. Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human Each side of the mark must be -. Marine pollutants In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. Nausea. (1) Lindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA'sGreat Waters Programdue to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans and the environment. (2) Assessing Personal Exposure Lindane can be measured in the blood, urine, and semen of exposed individuals by gas chromatography.(1) In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses of lindane, limited in recent years to pre-planting seed treatments. %%EOF WebLindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. Lindane is moderately toxic to mammals and may be a neurotoxin. Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. Effects of short-term exposure NRDC: When the Treatment is Toxic - Pesticides in Head [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. [6] Mexico has committed to a structured, voluntary phase out of lindane through the North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) but currently authorizes agricultural, veterinary and healthcare uses. A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. Histological effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide Lindane Carefully collect remainder. Cyanobacteria are able to tolerate, and even metabolize, moderate doses of organochlorine pesticides, such as lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), one of the most persistent and widely used in recent decades. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. This study investigates acute toxicity and histological effects of Lindane insecticide on intestinal tissues of immature grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. (c) A transport vehicle or freight container that contains a package subject to the marking requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section must be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. Your browser does not support JavaScript. Lindane (Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane) - US EPA Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. Remove contaminated clothes. PIC WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the northern front range from "serious" to "severe." 49 CFR 172.322 - Marine pollutants. | Electronic Code WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on ILO and WHO 2021. Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. 125 0 obj <>stream 1997-2023 LUMITOS AG, All rights reserved, https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Lindane.html, Your browser is not current. Refer for medical attention. [28] More specifically, the EPA conducted down-the-drain estimates of the amount of lindane reaching public water supplies from the use of lindane medications using data from California water treatment facilities, concluding that lindane levels from pharmaceutical sources were extremely low and not of concern.[5]. Gyceril PABA. Lindane Marine pollutants or environmentally hazardous substances are materials that can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Marine pollutant is a term mainly used by IMDG code while the term " environmentally hazardous substances " are used by other dangerous goods regulations such as ADR and IATA. [27] Similar findings were noted by U.S. Geologic Survey teams in 1999 and 2000. 0000006477 00000 n This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and trichlorobenzenes (see ICSCs 0344, 1049 and 1222). [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. <<77808EBE95D8C749B7A9AFF580CD8412>]>> Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. [7][8][9] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also includes lindane medications in their Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines as viable treatment alternatives for the management of scabies and pubic lice, consistent with the approved prescription labeling for these products. [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. Refer immediately for medical attention. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. Medical observation is indicated. eCFR :: 49 CFR 172.322 -- Marine pollutants. Air pollution on the Front Range has gotten worse, EPA WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. Lindane is registered for use in 50 countries, with restricted-use status in 33 of these countries. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal. 0000057076 00000 n As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. (3) Transitional exception. $>. [1] %PDF-1.4 % The International HCH and Pesticide Forum has since been established to bring together experts to address the clean-up and containment of these sites. This substance is carcinogenic to humans. (June 8, 2007 order). Cough. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. United Nations Environment Programme - POPs Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. Wash hands before eating. The direct causes of death for the other cases were attributed to reasons other than lindane. Dizziness. [32][33] In the U.S., petitions to ban the use of pharmaceutical lindane have been rejected by the FDA and determined to be without merit by experts working with this regulatory agency. In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. [4][25] The latter includes the U.S. and Canada, which support public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane but no longer allow agricultural applications. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. CFR Title 49. Transportation 49 CFR 172.101, App. B The study also documented a marked decrease in lindane wastewater contamination and lindane poisoning incidents reported to Poison Control Centers. (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant must -, (1) Be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark on at least two opposing sides or two ends other than the bottom if the packaging has a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons). Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. 0000001244 00000 n To explore the toxic effects of lindane and the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity, the animal model Caenorhabditis Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control [3] It is presently banned in more than 50 countries, and is being considered for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, which would ban its production and use worldwide. [20] The majority of studies of the general population have also shown no association between serum or breast tissue levels of lindane and breast cancer. 0000001686 00000 n WebLINDANE ICSC: 0053 IMPORTANT DATA PHYSICAL STATE; APPEARANCE: ODOURLESS, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER CHEMICAL DANGERS: On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming toxic and corrosive fumes including phosgene and hydrogen chloride. Perspectives of lindane (-hexachlorocyclohexane) 0000003215 00000 n The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. [7], In the face of negative publicity concerning lindane pharmaceutical products, the U.S. manufacturer, Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, filed a legal complaint on February 6, 2007 in the U.S. District Court in Chicago, Illinois against the National Pediculosis Association, the Ecology Center, Inc., and two physicians for statements made and disseminated to healthcare providers and consumers using the internet and through a series of printed literature . It is of particular concern because of Previous work showed that Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 degrades lindane and that, in the presence of the pesticide, LINDANE A REVIEW OF TOXICITY AND Not combustible. At the same time, a boxed warning was added to the prescription label to highlight to healthcare providers appropriate use criteria and rare treatment risks. Vlkov and Hofman demonstrated that soil properties affect the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants such as lindane, DDT, phenanthrene and The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. Decomposes on heating and on burning. The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. (i) At least 100 mm (3.9 inches) as measured from the outside of the lines forming the border for marks applied to: (A) Non-bulk packages, except in the case of packages which, because of their size, can only bear smaller marks. It has an oral LD50 of 88 mg/kg in rats and a dermal LD50 of 1000 mg/kg. Refer for medical attention . (2) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark shall be placed in association with the hazard warning labels required by subpart E of this part or, in the absence of any labels, in association with the marked proper shipping name. [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. 0000050404 00000 n WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Lindane Bioremediation Capability WebLINDANE: ICSC: 0053 (November 2016) gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane gamma-BHC gamma-HCH: CAS #: 58-89-9: UN #: 2761 EC Number: 200-401-2 ACUTE ];pGvZo~z8i##N7M3|cruvx}qLY^*PqoWU-;yr$z:9~sro?6N9iC0Y 6)?S9xwQ(elU[3+s]q-{ A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. (4) For domestic transportation, a packaging marked prior to January 1, 2017 and in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue in service until the end of its useful life. However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." Molecular mass: 290.8 [29] Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic industrial chemicals, a process known as cracking.[26][29] Today, only a few production plants remain active worldwide to accommodate public health uses of lindane and declining agricultural needs. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. Lindane is a neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function by interacting with the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex at the picrotoxin binding site. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. [1] The following ingredients are of concern in the marine environment and need more testing: Cinoxate. Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. It is highly toxic to fish and honeybees and moderately toxic to most Hexachlorocyclohexane (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. [15] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Lindane has not been shown to alter immunocompetence in humans and is not considered to be genotoxic. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. [16] Only rarely have seizures and even more rarely fatal reactions been reported when lindane medications were used (presumably) according to directions.[7][11][12]. with the financial assistance of the European Commission. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. 89 0 obj <>stream WebLindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can Exposure could cause death. 0000003168 00000 n [4][5] This is not unlike other medications where the active ingredient has other non-healthcare applications. Well closed. [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. (d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required -. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). pollution Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. startxref 0000003791 00000 n Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. (see also Regulatory Status). [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). However, lindane medications remain available in Canada for public health purposes as non-prescription therapies. [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. This mark may be displayed in black lettering on a white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. [7] Worldwide, effective treatment options for the control of scabies and lice are relatively limited. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. 0000002475 00000 n It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold.