The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. [115] Sulla, buoyed by his previous looting in Asia, was able to advance quickly and largely without the ransacking of the Italian countryside. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Guide. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Wikipedia entry. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Constitutional reforms of Sulla - Wikipedia Roman military leaders. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Graduate Admissions - New York University Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. [66] Buttressed by success against Rome's traditional enemies, the Samnites, and general Roman victory across Italy, Sulla stood for and was elected easily to the consulship of 88BC; his colleague would be Quintus Pompeius Rufus. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. Copyright statement. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Making of America. Gill. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. [100] In need of resources, Sulla sacked the temples of Epidaurus, Delphi, and Olympia; after a battle with the Pontic general Archelaus outside Piraeus, Sulla's forces forced the Pontic garrison to withdraw by sea. 82 BC. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. . Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | Nemesis of the Roman Empire | Study.com [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) He could acknowledge the law as valid. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. Primary Sources Sallust. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. Primary Sources (Original Documents) - Cornell University Sulla's Reforms as Dictator - World History Encyclopedia Sulla | Biography, Civil War, Roman Dictator, & Facts 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. [citation needed]. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Sulla - Wikipedia The Late Republic - Clarkson He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. Lucius Cornelius Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.) - ThoughtCo [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Internet History Sourcebooks Project - Fordham University [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest A primary source (also called original . Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Sulla - in ancient sources @ attalus.org Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. Primary sources are documents, images, relics, or other works that provide firsthand details of a historical or scientific event. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Plutarch, writing much . The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. How Do I Find - Primary Sources | UCR Library Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Encyclopedias. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. The collection currently contains . Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . Primary Sources: Definition and Examples | Grammarly After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. Sulla then duly besieged the city. Sulla then served as legate under his former commander and, in that stead, successfully subdued a Gallic tribe which revolted in the aftermath of a previous Roman defeat. Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr