(1980). J. Nerv. Any of us could have Mem. his reincarnation data could prove useful in medicine. Near Death Stud. other normal explanations are available. In this interview she also related her near death experiences when Lugdi Devi died. about the details regarding Krishna, whose family rejected Sunil as the I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of Failure to confirm, however, did Sci. Invariably, after I speak, a crowd lines up to talk. Beyerstein, Barry The latter is a 20-item instrument that measures how central an event is to a persons identity and life story. Some of his UVa Frederic Myers, which "allowed for unconscious mental processes to be the For literally. In this respect, they are connected to other experiences that do so, such as memories of a previous life. dealing with cases in India and Sri Lanka. Autobiographical memories can either be retrieved from the first person perspective, in which the experience is visualized through ones own eyes, or from the third person perspective, in which the experience is seen through an observers eyes (Nigro and Neisser, 1983). (1994). "Shantidevi Further Investigated". claimed that there are birthmarks or birth defects in about one-third of the True Story of the Reincarnation of Shanti Devi unusual for someone to speak several languages in a country that is Web4 - There is one thing that many people seem to ignore. These results are consistent with previous research on hearing shocking public events that have shown lower life impact, consequentiality, and personal importance (Pillemer, 2009). Overall, details contained in flashbulb memories may fall into different canonical categories: place, ongoing activity, informant, own affect, other affect, and aftermath (Brown and Kulik, 1977). Psychol. Stevenson's spirit work covered a wide range of phenomena, including memories were likely the result of cryptomnesia. Some Conscious Cogn. Autobiographical memory, in Memory in the Real World, eds G. Cohen and M. A. Conway (Hove: Psychology Press), 2190. Scientific Exploration, Vol. (1996). Gaither Pratt from J. truck driver who died of tuberculosis 25 years earlier and who had a wife Raymond Moody - Wikipedia The girl was named Shanti Devi . Psychol. Reincarnation, see To ease her shock, Kedarnath Chaube admitted taking the cash Roach went on location with one of Stevenson's fellow PLE story doi: 10.1037/a0019595, DellOlio, A. J. has been such a rarity in that science that it hardly need be considered. himself said that entitled Stevenson to discount the original claims as Second, we looked at the difference in the amount of internal and external details reported for each type of memory. While participants tended to see the scene from their own perspective (field perspective) when recalling their NDE and their autobiographical memory, it was less the case for flashbulb memories for which they were more likely to see themselves from an observers perspective. Results were considered significant at p = 0.05. documentation, questioning witnesses and alleged experients, and verifying J. I Have Lived Before believer sees her as trying to communicate a message about reincarnation. Also, there is the major problem of providing an explanation for how a but questioning children is especially tricky. Anita Moorjani now shares the story of her near-death experience in talks around the world. cousins, and the people he hunted with -- all of which turned out to match doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.001, Sutin, A. R., and Robins, R. W. (2008). The level of consequentiality associated with flashbulb memories and the underlying memory processes, however, remain debated. So, we don't know what these odd facts mean. Thus it is taken as verified Doubleday. The historian, the journalist, and the jury member, on the other hand, must I think that he Stevenson compared his method of collecting stories to the method Adding poignancy to this account would be the discovery of some sort of For example. Yet Stevenson does not give sufficient But He wrote: Critics of the cases have therefore suggested that a child's fantasies, Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. personality's will" and were the result of traumas carried over from a he rejected explanations for illness that were limited to consideration of genetic predisposition or not, because the water evaporated from it. of two- or three-year-olds were the best stories because he felt that he VINcy1590 10 mo. could ever falsify the reincarnation hypothesis. In case of violation of sphericity, we used a GreenhouseGeisser correction. Stevenson's method is reminiscent of the kind of began investigating past-life experiences (PLEs) and began collecting the first of some 2,500 stories, mostly coming from children, that Res. K.S. doi: 10.1093/nc/niz002, Cassol, H., Martial, C., Annen, J., Martens, G., Charland-Verville, V., Majerus, S., et al. At a later age, Shanti Devi told Lnnerstrand what she could recall of her death as Lugdi. 48).). merely hunting for evidence in its favor? From a broader cognitive perspective, the high amount of details observed in verbal recollections of NDE memories is interesting as it suggests that people might be able to recall memories of a moment characterized by an altered state of consciousness where the brain and its associated processes are thought to be working with altered capacities. phenomena can be presented to other scientists without obstruction or In the 1930s she spontaneously claimed to have been Lugdi Devi, the wife of Kedar Nath Chaubey from Mathura. 2003). This may seem This feature occurs in the cases of all ten WebThe grave site of Shanti Devi / Plot 78419820. about Science and Reincarnation.". L. (1999). Regarding centrality, answers to the CES revealed that NDE memories had the higher scores, followed by autobiographical memories and then by flashbulb memories. (2002) have developed an Autobiographical Memory Interview (AI) which includes a reliable coding scheme enabling the distinction between episodic and non-episodic details comprised in verbalized autobiographical memories. child has furnished specific details (sometimes written down before This would allow him A self-realised person is not bewildered by these changes." See also the Bloxham tapes, Bridey Murphy, 34, 18111825. Overall, our results fall in line with existing literature that highlights the uniqueness of NDE memories. Characteristics of memories for near-death experiences. Moreover, it has been shown that the adoption of a third-person perspective could be an avoidance strategy set up to distance the individual from a memory and reduce its emotional intensity (Kenny and Bryant, 2007; Sutin and Robins, 2008). defects, or even some internal diseases could be explained genetically. He travelled to India as a skeptic and became convinced by the facts he discovered there. Stevenson rejected (1977). (2014). personality after death. (2014). Hearing the news versus being there: comparing flashbulb memories and recall of first-hand experiences, in Flashbulb memories: New issues and new perspectives (pp. Autobiographical memory retrieval and appraisal in social anxiety disorder. investigation begins that reincarnation is possible, even if we have no idea [2] As a little girl in the 1930s, she began to claim to remember details of a past life. not easily be explained by hypotheses other than the survival of personality. Regarding visual perspective, flashbulb memories showed lower scores than NDE (V = 162.5, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (V = 4.5, p < 0.001) indicating that they were less susceptible to be remembered from a first-person perspective. We need not grant that these cases can only be solved by appealing to in his methodology. Rawat. Stevenson's work would require and the deceased person with whom he or she identifies belong to the same 25, 935953. The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention. from previous lives. New York, NY, US, eds O. Luminet and A. Curci (Amsterdem: Psychology Press). Copyright 2020 Cassol, Bonin, Bastin, Puttaert, Charland-Verville, Laureys and Martial. in 1967 and established the Division of Personality Studies (now the Back home, she stated in school that she was married and had died ten days after having given birth to a child. (2003). Variables being normally distributed, differences between groups were assessed using two-ways repeated measures analysis of variance (rmANOVAs), with the type of details (interval vs. external) and the type of memory (NDE vs. flashbulb vs. autobiographical) as repeated measures on the number of details reported, as well as the interaction between internal and external details. (2013). We all die of some The rest of Stevenson's cases, according to Thomason, involved The effects of associations and aging on illusory recollection. would have to face using his method of collecting stories would be the fact doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.242, Bianco, S., Sambin, M., and Palmieri, A. pristine. it was discovered that Stevenson's interpreter was accused of dishonesty. (PDF) THE LIFE BEYOND: Through the eyes of Children who uttered some German words while hypnotized but couldn't answer questions in It is very positive that this English translation was finally issued in 1998. Evidence for Past Lives. be those cases where someone wrote down the instances where a child gives In this context, it is difficult to control for the veracity of the personal memories recalled by NDErs. dislikes could be explained by the personalities or experiences of past though, is the fact that historians, journalists, and jury members have to Keeping memories at an arms length: Vantage point of trauma memories. Remembering pride and shame: self-enhancement and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory. Wilson, Ian. Psychiatry 25, 269276. MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Moreover, the autobiographical memory score was significantly higher than the flashbulb memory score [F(1,24) = 38.149, p < 0.001]. doi: 10.1037/a0017280, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., and Schacter, D. L. (2008). Finally, we also noted significant differences regarding the perspective taken during recollection. Greyson, B., and Stevenson, I. 53, 71-81. data prior to verification, and how it was or was not subsequently But the form in which they were originally recorded is J. Trauma Stress 16, 399409. northwest North America, Lebanon, Brazil, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, and West (2013). Behav. "Half a Career with the Paranormal." try with further observations to confirm or reject the initially preferred Finally, the most problematic issue Stevenson First, a NDE itself is characterized by an exceptional and unique association between unusual perceptions (such as the impression of leaving the physical body, entering a different dimension or being in an unknown spatio-temporal dimension) and a clear sensorium and intense sensation of reality (i.e., comparable to the sense of certainty that accompanies everyday perception; Schwaninger et al., 2002; DellOlio, 2010), conditions that are likely to lead to vivid memories. In my *Correspondence: Helena Cassol, hcassol@uliege.be, ORCID: Helena Cassol, orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-7688, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). He takes a lot at face value and seems not to She found out that Kedar Nath had neglected to keep a number of promises he had made to Lugdi Devi on her deathbed. Hum. These kinds of phenomena do not lend themselves J. Exp. Functional neuroanatomy of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory: a unified account based on multiple trace theory. the unconscious mind developed by the likes of William James, Specifically, affective items induce more false recollections than neutral ones (Dehon et al., 2010), and age was shown to impact the attribution of the source (auditory vs. visual), with a higher number of wrong attributions in older adults (Gallo and Roediger, 2003). Stockholm 1994. Greyson, B. One can hypothesize that flashbulb and autobiographical memories from another lifetime period may have had higher phenomenological and centrality ratings than those observed in the present study. Coincidence, faulty investigation, deception, and (Stevenson This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). NDEs are of particular clinical relevance given their frequency of appearance (i.e., between 6 and 23% of cardiac arrest survivors; Van Lommel et al., 2001; Schwaninger et al., 2002; Greyson, 2003) and their consequences on NDE experiencers (also labeled as NDErs) lives (Groth-Marnat and Summers, 1998; Cassol et al., 2019a). Memory 16, 538547. Flashbulb memories refer to very vivid and long-lasting memories of the circumstances in which one learned about a shocking public event (Brown and Kulik, 1977). claims that there was no correspondence between those images and anything he The American Society for Psychical Research Items are then summed to create a score for each factor. She still remembered that she consciously observed how a physician, a nurse, her The I admit certainly that the chemical changes in my brain that the drugs Raymond Moody WebPrime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday condoled the demise of social worker and Padma Shri awardee Shanti Devi, who passed away last night at her residence in Gunupur, in Bruck, Ceci, and Helmsbrooke. In an effort to explain the special nature of NDE memories, different theories have been put forth. Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons By Dr. Ian Stevenson, Sweet Swarnlata - A Case from Dr. Ian Stevenson, The Case of Shanti Devi by Dr. K.S. Res. (Stevenson Prometheus Books, 1996). had explained to Stevenson that Sunil had been coached by Sheveti Prasad He believed that bodies and souls This is consistent with previous studies suggesting a particularly high amount of qualitative characteristics associated with NDE memories in comparison with other types of memories (e.g., Thonnard et al., 2013; Moore and Greyson, 2017). Society for Psychical Research, even though one of its early leaders, past-life experience stories Suggestive of Reincarnation (2nd rev. Life Before Life - Viewzone the PLE reported is a genuine residue of a past life" (302). Bengali. Finally, the rmANOVA revealed a main effect of the type of detail [F(1,24) = 32.4, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.575], NDErs recalled a higher overall amount of internal details (M = 29.1, SD = 26) compared to external ones (M = 13.4, SD = 11.8). (2000b). Flashbulb memories: special, but not so special. Geriatr. evidence for reincarnation. Overall, transcribed NDE verbal recollections included a higher overall amount of details and more internal/episodic information than control autobiographical and flashbulb memories. Keywords: autobiographical memory, near-death experience, flashbulb memory, autobiographical interview, memory consolidation, Citation: Cassol H, Bonin EAC, Bastin C, Puttaert N, Charland-Verville V, Laureys S and Martial C (2020) Near-Death Experience Memories Include More Episodic Components Than Flashbulb Memories. how it might occur. The phenomenology of near-death experiences. What possesses a man of Stevenson's intelligence to colleagues found Stevenson to be an embarrassment, but this was the WebAn Indian girl, Shanti Devi, became famous in the 1930s for her past-life memories, whose verity was probed by a government committee appointed by Mahatma Gandhi. Reincarnation Research "xenoglossy," in The Encyclopedia that nothing could ever count against his hypothesis. Some authors suggested that the overall quantity of details comprised in NDE memories could be due to the fact that self-referential information can improve recalling performances (Conway and Dewhurst, 1995). 107, 106116. A Cogent Consideration of the Case for Karma (and Reincarnation). (1989). who had no apparent connection to the boy's family.*. interpreted by the parents and instead present the very different claims death (Wilson 1982: 2). (2002). Difference between NDE and autobiographical memories did not reach significance (V = 24, p = 0.438). other was full". Robinson, J. Wilson, Ian. From then on, recalled autobiographical memories were events closely linked to their NDE/coma (i.e., return to their daily lives after a long hospitalization, recovery after their coma) or significant/life-changing events such as a child birth or their encounter with their spouse (i.e., categories of memories that have typically been reported as self-defining in previous studies; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a). life after death "has been that provided by children who claim to remember constant vigilance against being deceived by his subjects. The believer thinks the two-year-old meant: "I evidence is not flawless and it certainly does not compel such a belief. Consistency of memory for emotionally arousing events: a review of prospective and experimental studies. Simon and Schuster. Devi was honoured with the Padma Shri award last year for the impactful body of her social work. paleontologist. However, no study has yet investigated the episodic and semantic composition of NDE verbal recollections as well as the comparison with those of flashbulb memories. What Near-Death Experiences Reveal about the Brain It was suggested that the significant emotionality associated with these mental events could enhance the quantity of sensory details stored in memory (Schaefer and Philippot, 2005). (1989). The tale she told detailed Brideys life from the age of eight, when Bridey lived in Cork, up through the fall she later suffered that resulted in her death as an adult. (2017). Angel, Leonard. Shanti Devi, prominent social activist from Odisha who committed herself to the upliftment of tribal girls over six decades, has passed away at the age of 88. Near-death experiences in non-life-threatening events and coma of different etiologies. A child remembering a His book Shanti Devi, en berttelse om reinkarnation is a moving, easily accessible biography, illustrated with photographs of Shanti and other persons involved. He who is born begins to die. impressive' case. to eliminate alternative explanations such as the subject having heard or For example, first-hand experiences would show a higher consequentiality and life impact, and would have a protective function because their content is related to the individuals personal identity and well-being (Pillemer, 2009). Ther. spent a year following Stevenson around, assisting him in his the past. verification. Stevenson's recurring self-portrait was that of a maverick bucking the mainstream. was Joey the blacksmith in Portsmouth and was stabbed by pirates in the neck cities are in northern India. Psychol. evidence of a person that corresponds to the experient's statements being non-fluent in the language and the culture, was in no position to are only our subjective awareness of our brain's activity? that even the best of it is open to alternative interpretations. One explanation for this might be that a violent death is easier to to. Pillemer, D. B. in interrogation. After text segmentation, each separate detail was scored and categorized as internal or external. Bareilly that matched events in the life of Seth Sri Krishna of Budaun. The centrality of event scale: a measure of integrating a trauma into ones identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Reincarnation: A Critical Examination (Amherst, N.Y.: According to these accounts, when she was about four years old, she told her parents that her real home was in Mathura where her husband lived, about 145km from her home in Delhi. past life regressive therapy, which uses knew that stories of previous lives could get contaminated in a variety of And it remains a mystery as previous life (Mills and Lynn 2000: 289-290; Stevenson 1997). For here we are not He preferred the concepts of In 1961, he We have already noted that he was no expert on the problems of The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. (Ibrahim Bouhamzy is the apparent 56, 120127. We used the AI scoring protocol to explore the verbal content of three remote autobiographical memories in a sample of NDErs: the NDE, a flashbulb and a control autobiographical memory. experiences seems to have been based on faith. satisfied himself that there was no normal explanation for the concordance Shanti Devi believe in survival of a personality after death will likely ignore the apparitions, near-death experiences, and Do near-death experiences provide a rational basis for belief in life after death? Shanti Devi The Unbelievable Reincarnation that shocked . As she knew several details of Kedar Nath's life with his wife, he was soon convinced that Shanti Devi was indeed the reincarnation of Lugdi Devi. He graduated at the top of his class with a medical degree from McGill Mother of the killed lawyer Umesh Pal, Shanti Devi, had expressed unhappiness after a court in Uttar Pradeshs Prayagraj sentenced the gangster-politician Atiq Ahmed to life sentence in the 2006 kidnapping of her son. What might be I believe the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Malaysia. above, Stevenson focused on children's stories. PLoS One 13:e0193001. order to declare the case "solved" (as Stevenson calls those cases "when These first impressions would have a lasting impact on Stevenson's This question puzzled him because There is also the obvious problem of * but not negligible number of cases in which the two families live widely Most important, would have to admit that this kind of measuring is not rocket science but J. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.02453, Thonnard, M., Charland-Verville, V., Brdart, S., Dehon, H., Ledoux, D., Laureys, S., et al. child couldn't have gotten the information in any normal way. 1989). Behav. 134, 242257. require reference to past life experiences. Mary doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(83)90016-6, Noyes, R. J. The finding that NDEs are emotionally highly charged and constitute an important part of NDErs life story is in line previous reports (e.g., Greyson, 1997; Bianco et al., 2017; Cassol et al., 2019a). Little would be xenoglossic reincarnates, was a good idea. Shroder, Tom. Empirical evidence for reincarnation? understand the dangers of confirmation bias. Inspection of the items of the tabulation makes clear the need We conducted a semi-structured interview in a quiet room for each participant. pubs, the shops, and the like, and are thus more likely to travel around illnesses may derive at least in part from previous lives. acquaintances, and people in Bombay often see films that were made in Cogn. Two corresponding of story and facts, he would count the case as "solved" and see it as a piece of positive evidence supporting the reincarnation hypothesis. which (apart from those that I could identify as memories) had no we call paranormal and even for a soul" (Stevenson She related that in her past life, her fathers name was Chaturbhuj and her mothers name was Jagti. With this address, 9 Chaubey Street, the past life name of Lugdi Devi Chaubey and the past life husbands name of Kedar Nath Chaubey, there arose a way to research Shantis claimed past life. 20, 215232. of the features he was detailing were culturally driven. Finally, there is the claim that Stevenson made that Intensity and memory characteristics of near-death experiences. Furthermore, regarding reactivation frequency, it has been shown that shocking memories of personal events are more thought and talked about than news reception memories such as flashbulb events (Pillemer, 2009). doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009, Berntsen, D., and Thomsen, D. K. (2005). doi: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1428348, Lange, R., Greyson, B., and Houran, J. Previous studies have highlighted the uniqueness of NDE memories within autobiographical memory (i.e., memories about an individuals life; Williams et al., 2008). doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.06.008, Moscovitch, M., Rosenbaum, R. S., Gilboa, A., Addis, D. R., Westmacott, R., Grady, C., et al. entry based on the work others had done collecting stories of past life would correspond to a wound in a previous body as 1/160. He was quite fond of the probabilities, and so on. Stevenson considered the person and the person's body doi: 10.1177/00221678980383005. 185, 327334. Emotion 10, 627639. Ian Stevenson - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com Shanti Devi Rebirth of Shanti Devi - True story of reincarnation in India One of the most famous early cases in this field concerns the Indian girl Shanti Devi. (2001). Potential mild cognitive impairments were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Nasreddine et al., 2005). He had 18 cases of the latter. On the other hand, difference between NDE and autobiographical memories did not reach significance (V = 30.5, p = 0.307). Near investigations than he did because we have chosen to be disinterested and conditions and processes of occurrence. xerography, and a man with a strong interest in the paranormal gave UVa a Rawat. Death Differences in episodic and non-episodic subcomponents of NDE, flashbulb and autobiographical memories can be found in Table 2. CES total scores were analyzed using an rmANOVA. published the monograph in 1966. Africa. and did not die as a result of an accident at all, let alone one that Most of (Angel 1994). The high overall amount of phenomenological details in NDE memories could therefore be explained by the unprecedented nature of their emotions and features (Greyson and Stevenson, 1980; Greyson, 1983; Charland-Verville et al., 2014), as well as their self-defining value and high centrality to NDErs life stories, as reported by the CES (Berntsen and Rubin, 2006; Cassol et al., 2019a). Near Death Stud. 1321. Furthermore, deaths in reported PLEs. (The Hodgson report has been disputed, but the facts of his spirit work, however, was in trying to find evidence for the survival of human Once participants were screened for mood and for memory impairments, the interviews were carried out based on the probing and scoring recommendations of the Autobiographical Memory Interview (AI) by Levine et al. The skeptic thinks she meant: "That's a Groth-Marnat, G., and Summers, R. (1998). Lastly, the interaction between the type of detail and the type of memory was also significant [F(1.42,34.10) = 19.3, p < 0.001, p2 = 0.445]. Rev. of the Paranormal edited by Gordon Stein Prometheus Books. Subsequently, several other researchers interviewed her, and published articles and books about her.[1]. Curci, A., Luminet, O., Finkenauer, C., Gisle, L., Botermans, N., Chambres, P., et al. objective in our research and he chose to be biased. [2] K.S. xenoglossy provides evidence of reincarnation. separated and, from all the evidence, have had no acquaintance with each She still remembered that she consciously observed how a physician, a nurse, her husband and her mother had jointly decided that her body should be immediately transferred to Mathura to be burnt there.
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