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Parasitenk. The metabolism of inorganic sulphur compounds by thiobacilli. Evol. Trans. 1986 Acidianus infernus gen. nov. sp. Ecol. London, J., Rittenberg, S. C. 1966. nov. facultatively aerobic, extremely acidophilic thermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaebacteria Int. World of Microbiology and Immunology. CAS Bacteriological Reviews 41:100180. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. The position of nitrate respiration in evolution. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Evidence for the presence of phosphoriboisomerase and ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase in extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. ), Bacterial leaching. Env. 15. For clarity, only the immediate neighborhood of the OTU0001s clade is shown. PubMed PDF Chemolithotroph Bacteria: From Biology to Application in Medical Sciences 33 650651, Kawasumi, T., Igarashi, U., Kodama, T., Minoda, Y. nov., an autotrophic archaebacterium, facultatively oxidizing or reducing sulfur Syst. 51 221271, Woese, C. R. 1998 The universal ancestor Proc. Fungal Diversity in Barley Under Different Storage Conditions. 42 6598, Kelly, D. P. 1989 Physiology and biochemistry of unicellular sulfur bacteria H. G. Schlegel and B. Bowien (ed.) Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies A new proposal for the classification of prokaryotic organisms Mol. The .gov means its official. Ammonia assimilation occurs when the ammonia (NH3)/ammonium ion (NH4+) formed during nitrogen fixation is incorporated into cellular nitrogen. Bacteriol. Biol. The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which use photons. 76 252264, van Niel, C. B. Plants can use the nitrate as a nutrient source. 0000006550 00000 n Only bacteria are chemolithotrophs. ." 0000007777 00000 n Ph.D. Thesis. Kelly, D. P., Wood, A. P., Gottschal, J. C., Kuenen, J. G. 1979. 1998 Phylogeny of dissimilatory sulfite reductases supports an early origin of sulfate respiration J. Bacteriol. Applications of sulfur oxidizing bacteria - ScienceDirect P., Monosov, E. Z. London: Longman. Google Scholar. 2. Rittenberg, SC. Google Scholar, Bak, F., Cypionka, H. 1987 A novel type of energy metabolism involving fermentation of inorganic sulfur compounds Nature 326 891892, Bak, F., Pfennig, N. 1987 Chemolithotrophic growth of Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans sp. Mikrobiol. Render date: 2023-03-05T01:35:09.015Z ), Mineral formation by bacteria in natural microbial communities, Microbes as geologic agents: their role in mineral formation, Micro-organisms and Earth Systems: Advances in Geomicrobiology, In search of a thermodynamic description of biomass yields for the chemotrophic growth of microorganisms, No soup for starters? Mikrobiol. Lyalikova, N. N. 1972. Winogradsky, S., 1887. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 166 181186, Davis, O. H., Doudoroff, M., Stanier, R. Y. Google Scholar. Chemolithotrophs are the ones those grow on supplement of oxidizable sulfur compounds such as Thiobacillus neapolitanus, Thiobacillus thioxidans (extreme acidiophiles), Thiobacillus thiospora, Thiobacillus denitrificans (facultative denitrifiers), Thiobacillus halophilus (halophiles) and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (acidophilic ferrous In: Kinne, O. Some prokaryotes grow by using reduced inorganic compounds as their energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Lithoautotroph - Wikipedia These organisms are also called mixotrophs, since they require both inorganic and organic chemical compounds for their growth and reproduction. 3xY.uSSOpx Journal of Bacteriology 131:133135. These are bacteria that live in extremes of pH , temperature of pressure, as three examples. Leng L, Xu X, Wei L, Fan L, Huang H, Li J, Lu Q, Li J, Zhou W. Sci Total Environ. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chemoautotrophic-and-chemolithotrophic-bacteria, Biological Energy Use, Cellular Processes of. Chemolithotrophic Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria from the Galapagos Rift CAS Microbiol. 151 1519, Nishihara, H., Igarashi, Y., Kodawa, T. 1989 Isolation of an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, halophilic and aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium from marine environment Arch. CAS 22 245250, Bock, E., Koops, H.-P., Mller, U. C., Rudert, M. 1990 A new facultatively nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrobacter vulgaris sp. The term chemolithotrophy describes the energy metabolism of bacteria that can, in the absence of light, use the oxidation of inorganic substances as a source of energy for cell biosynthesis and maintenance (Rittenberg, 1969). van Verseveld, H. W., Stouthamer, A. H. 1978. Indeed, the inorganic processes associated with chemoautotrophs and chemolithotrophs may make these bacteria one of the most important sources of weathering and erosion of rocks on Earth. <<2BA946479B978D4B846C4D95FC028DE9>]/Prev 510177/XRefStm 2347>> 36 559564, Shima, S., Suzuki, K. I. Pan Y, Kang P, Tan M, Hu J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Song N, Li X. Nutritional types in bacteria: Chemolithotrophy. nov., a new species of thiocyanate-utilizing facultative chemolithotroph, and transfer of Thiobacillus versutus to the genus Paracoccus as Paracoccus versutus comb. Lett. Evaluation of continuous chemostat cultivation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron or tetrathionate, pp. To save content items to your account, Some of the electron donors used by chemolithotrophs have a redox potential higher than that of NAD (P) + /NAD (P)H (Table 10.1). 134 718727, Edwards, M. R. 1998 From a soup or a seed? It seems that the discovery and study of the novel chemolithotrophic bacteria and investigation of their features can be helpful in medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Lett. 167 106111, Schnheit, P., Schfer, T. 1995 Metabolism of hyperthermophiles World J. Microbiol. Brierley, J. Chemotroph - Wikipedia 152 3943, Nishihara, H., Igarashi, U., Kodawa, T. 1990 A new isolate of Hydrogenobacter, an obligately chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic, halophilic and aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium from a seaside saline hot spring Arch. and Eikelboom type 021 N bacteria) isolated from wastewater-treatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. Soc. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. Sci Total Environ. Lewis, A. J., Miller, D. J. D. 1977. 17, Kelly, D. P. 1978 Bioenergetics of chemolithotrophic bacteria A. T. Bull and P. M. Meadow (ed.) In: Reitner, J., Thiel, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Geobiology. Bacteriol. 1976. The bacteria live in the plant's tissue, often in root nodules, fixing nitrogen and sharing the results. hA 04q\GcwzC. Bacteriol. A lithoautotroph is an organism which derives energy from reactions of reduced compounds of mineral (inorganic) origin. Autotrophic bacteria Springer-Verlag Berlin Science Tech Publishers Madison WI 193217, Kelly, D. P., Harrison, A. P. 1989 The genus Thiobacillus J. T. Staley (ed.) 110 633642, Mason, J., Kelly, D. P. 1988 Thiosulfate oxidation by obligately heterotrophic bacteria Microb. 129 221226, Beudeker, R. F., de Boer, W., Kuenen, J. G. 1981bHeterolactic fermentation of intracellular polyglucose by the obligate chemolithotroph Thiobacillus neapolitanus under anaerobic conditions FEMS Microbiol. This is energetically unfavorable to the cell, consuming energy from the proton motive force to drive electrons in a reverse direction back through the ETC. 2022 Sep 12;13:924137. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924137. Kelly, D. P. 1967. nov Syst. . 1979 Chemosynthetic primary production at East Pacific sea floor spreading centres Bioscience 29 592598, Jones, C. A., Kelly, D. P. 1983 Growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron in chemostat culture: influence of product and substrate inhibition J. Chem. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Box 196, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312, USA, Martin Dworkin Professor Dr. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical School, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild, D039, Stanford, CA, 94305-5124, USA, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel, Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, 80290, Munich, Germany, DSMZ- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany, Kelly, D.P., Wood, A.P. How do chemolithoautotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs differ? But how much less than 32 molecules of ATP greatly depends upon the actual donor and acceptor being used. 324329. Feature Flags: { Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. 2022 Aug;30(4):1283-1294. doi: 10.1007/s10787-022-01007-w. Epub 2022 Jul 6. All three surface-enriched bacteria also had the capacity to fix carbon dioxide, either in a potentially strictly autotrophic or mixotrophic manner. Characteristics of a moderately thermophilic and acidophilic iron-oxidizing Thiobacillus. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Wang N, Chang ZZ, Xue XM, Yu JG, Shi XX, Ma LQ, Li HB. PubMed A., Norris, P. R., Kelly, D. P., Le Roux, N. W. 1978 Characteristics of a moderately thermophilic and acidophilic iron-oxidizing Thiobacillus Europ. Kelly, D. P., Wood, A. P. 1984 Potential for methylotrophic autotrophy in Thiobacillus versutus (Thiobacillus sp. These are called chemolithotrophs. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, facultatively autotrophic sulphur bacterium J. Gen. Microbiol. Lett. General Microbiology by Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Microbiol. Aspects of microbial metabolism and ecology Academic Press London. Chemolithotrophy | SpringerLink A non-nitrogen compound would serve as the electron acceptor. strain A2), pp. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Presentation by: University, Rohtak. McFadden, B. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Rev. Energy-coupling mechanisms in chemolithotrophic bacteria. It requires a particular enzyme known as nitrogenase, which is inactivated by O2. 136 262269, Nelson, D. C., Revsbech, N. P., Jrgensen;, B. Microbiol. government site. 478503, Kelly, D. P., Smith, N. A. (PDF) Chemolithotrophy - ResearchGate Assimilative nitrate reduction is a reduction of nitrate to cellular nitrogen, in a multi-step process where nitrate is reduced to nitrite then ammonia and finally into organic nitrogen. Name- Deepika Rana New York: Academic Press. Its role in the metabolism of some chemolithotrophs is probably very ancient. Advances in Microbial Physiology 3:159196. Thermodynamic aspects of energy conservation by chemolithotrophic India, nitrate and sulfate reduction ; methanogenesis and acetogenesis, Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carbohydrates in Bacteria, Potential application of fungi in industry final, Historical developments, microorganisms important in food bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 114:113. 1976 Ferric iron reduction by sulfur-and iron-oxidizing bacteria Appl. In: Florkin, M., Mason, H. S. 17 491493, Burggraf, S., Olse, G. J., Stetter, K. O., Woese, C. R. 1992 A phylogenetic analysis of Aquifex pyrophilus Syst. Google Scholar, Gupta, R. S. 1998a Lifes third domain (Archaea): an established fact or an endangered paradigm? nov. Archives of Microbiology 118:3543. Autotrophs are refer, History https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30742-7_15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30742-7_15, eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences. Has data issue: true Sci. Then enter the name part Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups: methanogens, sulfur oxidizers and reducers, nitrifiers, anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophiles. Bacteriological Reviews 26:6794. As with chemoorganotrophs, metabolism of chemolithotrophs requires ATP and NAD(P)H for carbon metabolism and biosynthetic processes. Encyclopedia.com. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923- 1994) 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic First edition-1923 (one volume) Seventh edition-1957 (one volume) 8th edition-1975 (one volume) 9th . 41 100180, Timmer-ten-Hoor, A. (trans. Even after decades of studies on sulfur oxidation by these bacteria, this problem has not been fully resolved although it is widely thought . Pune-4, Biochemistry: A Brief History of Biochemsitry, A Pragmatic Approach for Solving the Sports Scheduling Problem-presentation.pdf. 0000004937 00000 n Download preview PDF. 1977 Evaluation of continuous chemostat cultivation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on ferrous iron or tetrathionate W. Schwartz (ed.) Badziong, W., Thauer, R. K., Zeikus, J. G. 1978. Z. Badziong, W., Thauer, R. K. 1978. Mechanisms of chemoautotrophy, pp. 32 567571, Broda, E. 1977aThe position of nitrate respiration in evolution Origins of Life 8 173174, Broda, E. 1977bTwo kinds of lithotrophs missing in nature Z. Allg. 1988 Isolation of strictly thermophilic and obligately autotrophic hydrogen bacteria Agr. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/chemoautotrophic-and-chemolithotrophic-bacteria, "Chemoautotrophic and Chemolithotrophic Bacteria Growth yields and growth rates of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg) growing on hydrogen plus sulfate and hydrogen plus thiosulfate as the sole energy sources. Alvarez, M., Barton, L. L. 1977. The bacteria, vol. 47 508516, Gde, H., Strohl, W. R., Larkin, J. M. 1981 Mixotrophic and heterotrophic growth of Beggiatoaalba in continuous culture Arch. Bergey's classification presentation - SlideShare The term chemolithotroph literally means "rock eaters" and is used to designate organisms that generate energy by the oxidation of inorganic molecules for biosynthesis or energy conservation via aerobic or anaerobic respiration. The first group is the colorless sulfur bacteria. 363386, Kelly, D. P., Wood, A. P, Gottschal, J. C., Kuenen, J. G. 1979 Autotrophic metabolism of formate by Thiobacillus strain A2 J. Gen. Microbiol. ), Microbial growth and survival in extremes of environment. Serol. 0000047357 00000 n Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Iron has a widespread distribution globally and is considered one of the most abundant in the Earth's crust, soil, and sediments. 2, part I 960, Schmidt, I., Bock, E. 1997 Anaerobic ammonia oxidation with nitrogen dioxide by Nitrosomonas eutropha Arch. The SlideShare family just got bigger. [1] These molecules can be organic ( chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic ( chemolithotrophs ). Katrina Edwards. Pfeffer, W. 1897. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. 151 252256, Horowitz, N. H. 1945 On the evolution of biochemical synteses Proc. In most cases, electron donors with a redox potential lower than NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H are oxidized and this is coupled with the reduction of coenzyme Q or cytochromes for the efficient utilization of the electron donors at low concentration. Chemolithotrophic bacteria with the ability to use inorganic sources were discovered by Winograsky, one of the modern microbiology pioneers, in late 1880 (1). From: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2014 Related terms: pH Bacterium Oxidation Mutation Differences in microbial diversity and environmental factors in ploughing-treated tobacco soil. Microbiol. nov., a thermoacidophilic, aerobic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium requiring elemental sulfur for growth Int. Accordingly, it was . 0000009714 00000 n Bacteriol. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents. [Their life processes are played out in a very simple fashion; all their life activities are driven by a purely inorganic chemical process.]. This is referred to as reverse electron transport. "useRatesEcommerce": false 960. Bakteriol. Growth kinetics of Thiobacillus denitrificans in anaerobic and aerobic chemostat culture. Archives of Microbiology 116:4149. Kelly, D. P. 1971. USA 95 68546859, Wood, A. P., Kelly, D. P. 1983 Autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of three thermoacidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria FEMS Microbiol. This is a type of dissimilatory nitrate reduction where the nitrate is being reduced during energy conservation, not for the purposes of making organic compounds. Received 28 September 2005/ Accepted 17 February 2006, Last edited on 28 December 2022, at 15:47, "Visions of Life on Mars in Earth's Depths", "The Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism of the Hydrothermal Vent Chemolithoautotroph Thiomicrospira crunogena", International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, "Widespread Iron Limitation of Phytoplankton in the South Pacific Ocean", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemotroph&oldid=1130098658, This page was last edited on 28 December 2022, at 15:47. 0000055936 00000 n 1. 12. Bioleaching: metal solubilization by microorganisms Rev. Chemolithotrophy sulfur oxidation metabolism - SlideShare CAS In a series of chemical reactions that is similar to those of the sulfur bacteria, iron bacteria oxidize iron compounds and use the energy gained from this reaction to drive the formation of carbohydrates. The groundwater running through the cave contains a strong sulfuric acid. Trends Ecol. Journal of General Microbiology 107:123130. Botanische Zeitung 45:489600, 606616. The evolution of bacteria to exist as chemoautotrophs or chemolithotrophs has allowed them to occupy niches that Soil biochar amendment as a climate change mitigation tool: Key parameters and mechanisms involved. USA 55 928934, Freitag, A., Rudert, M., Bock, E. 1987 Growth of Nitrobacter by dissimilatory nitrate reduction FEMS Microbiol. Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria. Some of the electrons are used to generate a proton motive force reducing O2 while the remaining electrons reduce NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H through a reverse of the electron transport chain. The latter contain the compound chlorophyll , and so appear colored. 23 319324, London, J. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Microbial Physiology These bacteria are most commonly encountered as the rusty coloured and slimy layer that builds up on the inside of toilet tanks. and Metabolism 1985 Isolation of thermophilic, obligately autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, similar to Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, from Icelandic hot springs Arch. nov., a novel hyperthermophilic archaeum that oxidizes Fe2 + at neutral pH under anoxic conditions, The chemolithotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Reasons why Leptospirillum-like species rather than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are the dominant iron-oxidizing bacteria in many commercial processes for the biooxidation of pyrite and related ores, A new chemolithoautotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a gold mine: phylogenetic, physiological, and preliminary biochemical studies, Response of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to phosphate limitation, Enumeration and detection of anaerobic ferrous iron-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria from diverse 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transferase and its role in the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate cycle of Chloroflexus aurantiacus, The molecular regulation of the reductive pentose phosphate pathway in Proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, Deduced amino acid sequence, functional expression, and unique enzymatic properties of the form I and form II ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase from the chemoautotrophic bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans, A bicyclic autotrophic CO2 fixation pathway in Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways in archaea (Crenarchaeota), Evidence for autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle by members of the -subdivision of Proteobacteria, Autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation in Acidianus brierleyi, Occurrence, biochemistry and possible biotechnological application of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, Evidence for the presence of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle in a filamentous anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium, Oscillochloris trichoides strain DG-6, Induction of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase to facilitate redox balancing in a ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-deficient mutant strain of Rhodospirillum rubrum, Carbon metabolism in Eubacterium limosum: a C-13 NMR study, The role of an iron-sulfur cluster in an enzymatic methylation reaction: methylation of CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase by the methylated corrinoid iron-sulfur protein, A global signal transduction system regulates aerobic and anaerobic CO2 fixation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides, The reductive acetyl coenzyme A pathway. ), 2006. 1990 Organic sulfur compounds in the environment Adv. Zhang Y, Bo G, Shen M, Shen G, Yang J, Dong S, Shu Z, Wang Z. Nitrogen fixation is an extremely energy and electron intensive process, in order to break the triple bond in N2 and reduce it to NH3. Chemolithotrophy - SlideShare Evol. 2023 Feb 17;20(4):3587. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043587. 0000002347 00000 n A., de Bruijn, P., Robertson, L. A., Jetten, M. S. M., Kuenen, J. G. 1996 Autotrophic growth of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing micro-organisms in a fluidized bed reactor Microbiology (UK) 142 21872196, van der Graaf, A. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. - 52.23.24.174. Chemolithotrophy Would you like email updates of new search results? Chemoautotrophic bacteria and chemolithotrophic bacteria obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic (non-carbon) compounds. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. The only source of life for the thriving bacterial populations that adhere to the rocks are the rocks and the chemistry of the groundwater. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. Electron micrographs of GISH for OTU0001 on a mineral-enriched biochar particle. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. 0000019257 00000 n Microbiol. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Centralblatt fr Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde, Abt. 150 117125, Gottschal, J. C., de Vries, S., Kuenen, J. G. 1979 Competition between the facultatively chemolithotrophic Thiobacillus A2, an obligat, Grabovich, M. Y., Dubinina, G. A., Lebedeva, V. Y., Churikova, V. V. 1998 Mixotrophic and lithoheterotrophic growth of the freshwater filamentous sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa leptomitiformis D-402 Microbiology (Moscow) 67 383388, Gribaldo, S., Cammarano, P. 1998 The root of the universal tree of life inferred from anciently duplicated genes encoding components of the protein-targeting machinery J. Mol. 20 107112, Wood, A. P., Kelly, D. P., Norris, P. R. 1987 Autotrophic growth of four Sulfolobus strains on tetrathionate and the effect of organic nutrients Arch. 160 152157. Just like denitrification, the anammox reaction removes fixed nitrogen from a local environment, releasing it to the atmosphere. Epub 2016 Aug 5. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. In this chemolithotrophic reaction, ammonia is oxidized anaerobically as the electron donor while nitrite is utilized as the electron acceptor, with dinitrogen gas produced as a byproduct. J. Syst. Before photosynthetic microorganisms (microbial metabolism), Chemolithotrophy sulfur oxidation metabolism, B.Sc Micro II Microbial physiology Unit 1 Bacterial Photosynthesis, Basic Energy Yielding Mechanism of Chemoautotrophic & Photoautotrophic Bacteria, Chemoautotrophsand photosynthetic eubacteria, Lect. 11 345385, Kelly, D. P. 1991 The chemolithotrophic prokaryotes A. Balows, H. G. Truper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H. Schleifer (ed.s) The prokaryotes, 2nd ed., Springer New York NY 331343, Kelly, D. P. 1999 Thermodynamic aspects of energy conservation by chemolithotrophic sulfur bacteria in relation to the sulfur oxidation pathways Arch. 52 225233, Nelson, D. C., Wirsen, C. O., Jannasch, H. W. 1989a Characterization of large, autotrophic Beggiatoa spp. Marine ecology John Wiley & Sons London. Using a non-oxygen acceptor allows chemolithotrophs to have greater diversity and the ability to live in a wider variety of environments, although they sacrifice energy production.